When extreme site conditions prevent determining the full extent of contamination, how can the contamination extent be estimated?

Estimating the extent of contamination in extreme site conditions is a complex task, and utilizing a mathematical estimation method is a systematic approach that provides a more reliable assessment than other options. Mathematical estimation allows supervisors to use existing data, historical site information, or statistical models to predict the potential extent of contamination, even when direct sampling might not be possible or practical. This method often involves using known parameters and algorithms to extrapolate data, thus giving a scientifically grounded estimate that can guide remediation attempts.

Using this method is especially valuable because it incorporates quantitative analysis, which can be more precise than subjective measures. While visual assessments might help identify visible impacts, they cannot provide definitive information about subsurface contamination levels. Ignoring the sampling altogether fails to acknowledge the importance of data-based conclusions, and reducing the sample size could lead to unreliable results, as it might not adequately represent the complexity of the site conditions. Therefore, mathematical estimation stands out as the most effective method to gauge contamination in challenging scenarios.